History of the Uyghur People spans several millennia and includes key stages of ethnic formation, cultural achievements, and influence on the development of Central Asian civilizations.
Ancient Roots and Early History: The Uyghurs are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group originating from ancient Central Asian tribes. Their formation as a distinct people is linked to the Great Turkic Empire (6th–7th centuries). In the 8th century, the Uyghur Khaganate (744–840) was established with its capital in Karabalgasun (modern Mongolia).
Uyghur Khaganate (744–840): A period of political power and cultural flourishing with a developed administrative system and religious tolerance. Buddhism, Manichaeism, and Nestorian Christianity influenced writing, art, and worldview.
After the Fall of the Khaganate: In 840, the Uyghurs migrated to East Turkestan (modern Xinjiang) and northern China, creating new states and contributing to trade, science, and culture along the Silk Road.
Interaction with Mongolia and China: In the 13th century, Uyghurs allied with Genghis Khan, contributing to the Mongol Empire’s administration, spreading literacy and legal traditions.
Modern Period: Since the 19th century, East Turkestan has been part of China. Despite challenges, the Uyghurs continue to preserve their language, traditions, and cultural identity.
Cultural Heritage: Folk music, dance, oral literature, crafts, and cuisine. The Uyghur language, part of the Karluk branch of Turkic languages, has an ancient writing tradition and continues to develop today.